This dissertation concerns the history and the causes of the Irish emigration to the United States in the first half of the 19th century. Author, using British Irish, and to lesser extent also American primary sources, analyses the situation in Ireland before the Great Famine, and the causes of this early emigration from Ireland to the United States. She also describes the character of this emigration, pointing, among other things, to the fact that it was not only roman-catholic, but also prtestant phenomenon.She also analyses the political and economic situation in Ireland, and the situation of emigrants in the United States. The dissertation ends with the Great Famine (including it), and a new wave of emigration from Ireland to the United States. In this respect it shows the differences between those two waves of emigration from Ireland....
Nell’alto medioevo la pratica di uccidere la moglie che non rispettava le norme accettate (infrangendo il codice sessuale, complottando contro il marito, praticando la stregoneria) o che era semplicemente sospettata di farlo era in linea di massima considerato un atto lecito e tollerabile, come testimoniano le fonti giuridiche di molte regioni europee. Tra il secolo VIII e il IX la crescente influenza della Chiesa in materia matrimoniale e il consolidamento della dottrina sulla natura spirituale del matrimonio cristiano e dei rapporti coniugali suggerirono alle autorità ecclesiastiche di impegnarsi a sradicare questa pratica peccaminosa dalla vita sociale. I differenti testi di questo periodo gettano luce sulle tensioni tra la moralità tradizionale basata sull’“economia dell’onore” e l’insegnamento cristiano. Questa tensione disturbava la stabilità del sistema di valori della società altomedievale. Gli scritti di Incmaro di Reims che affrontano la teoria del matrimonio cristiano e i limiti dell’autorità del marito sulla moglie (De coercendo ed exstirpando raptu viduarum, puellarum ac sanctimonialium; De divortio Lotharii regis et Theutbergae reginae) sono qui analizzati per mostrare come i canonisti e i moralisti di questo periodo erano consapevoli di simili conflitti e cercavano di armonizzare le norme contrastanti. Pratiche come la mediazione tra i coniugi, le penitenze pubbliche e l’esclusione monastica della moglie adultera possono essere considerate come un modello delle strategie proposte dalle autorità ecclesiastiche per protegger la vita della donna e allo stesso tempo per salvare l’onore del marito. Tuttavia, nonostante la condanna dell’uxoricidio da parte della Chiesa e il diffondersi della nozione cristina di matrimonio, i numerosi casi che emergono dalle fonti narrative e diplomatiche del secolo IX dimostrano chiaramente che l’uccisione della moglie in nome dell’onore della famiglia non solo costituiva la tradizione accettata, ma era anche considerata come un obbligo morale del marito o dei suoi parenti maschi. Il rifiuto di adempiere a tale obbligo, anche in nome dei principi cristiani, poteva essere pericoloso non solo per la posizione sociale del marito ma anche della sua identità maschile....
Kołodziejczyk, Dariusz(The Slavic-Eurasian Research Center, Hokkaido University, 2012)
In 1957, when Karl Wittfogel published his seminal book on “Oriental Despotism", it was evident from the outset that the author’s arguments were heavily biased against Russia and deeply rooted in the Cold War atmosphere. Wittfogel’s chief argument about the liaison between irrigation and state despotism had to wait for its critics until more recent times, but his treatment of Russia as an example of a “hydraulic society” was immediately perceived as an intellectual aberration. Nonetheless, the notion of Russia as an “Oriental Tyranny” or “Asiatic Tyranny” proved handy in journalistic efforts to explain the Soviet system to a Western reader, and it has retained some popular cur¬rency up to the present day. In a paragraph of his book, headed “The Introduction of Oriental Despotism into Russia,” Wittfogel blamed the Tatars for being “decisive both in destroying the non-Oriental Kievan society and in laying the foundations for the despotic state of Muscovite and post-Muscovite Russia.” In doing so, he invoked such different authorities as historians Vasilij Ključevskij and George Vernadsky, and... the poet Alexander Pushkin. Among the tremendously rich literary tradition that blames the Mongols and Tatars for infecting the Russian soul with the spirit of despotism, two other influential writers can be named here: a nineteenth-century French author Marquis de Custine and an early twentieth-century Polish historian Jan Kucharzewski....
This work forms part of a larger project attempting to describe the image, place, and function, as well as the methods of perception of the Muses in the antiquity. It should be stressed that those aspects of the Muses’ image in the Greek culture have been considered particularly worthy of analysis, which have been hitherto ignored or insufficiently highlighted in the research. Thus, among a number of issues under investigation there is for instance the question of the Muses’ place in the ancient Greek religion, the question of the Muses’ gender, or the problem of the relations between poetologische Bildersprache and the culture of a given period, including, among others, analyses of the scenes of poetic initiation.
This study, however, is focused exclusively on the question of the genealogy, names, and number of the Muses. To date, this particular subject-matter has not been approached more comprehensively, while the existing analytical studies are either superficial or flawed with methodological shortcomings....
Choińska-Mika, Jolanta(Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu, 2013)
Artykuł przedstawia rozwój praw politycznych i form uczestnictwa szlachty we władzy na tle przemian ustrojowych od schyłku XIV do końca XVII w. Charakterystycznym rysem tych przeobrażeń była aktywizacja i wzrost aspiracji politycznych szlacheckiego ogółu oraz powiększanie się kręgu osób współuczestniczących w sprawach państwa, a także poszerzanie się merytorycznego zakresu partycypacji. Zjawiska te legły u podłoża wykształcania się i rozwoju instytucji parlamentarnych. Równolegle formowały się mechanizmy komunikacji społecznej pomiędzy politycznym centrum i szlacheckimi wspólnotami ziemskimi, a także w obrębie narodu politycznego. Wykształcony w ciągu XV stulecia system osiągnął swoją dojrzałość w czasach ostatnich Jagiellonów, a jego ustrojowe pryncypia, właściwe arystotelesowskiej monarchii mieszanej, opisane zostały w Artykułach Henrykowskich. Przemianom polityczno-ustrojowym towarzyszyło wykształcanie się obywatelskiego modelu kultury politycznej, w którym ważną rolę odgrywał etos republikański, legalizm i zasada zgody.
Wiek XVII postawił Rzeczpospolitą w obliczu nowych, nieznanych wcześniej wyzwań, pod wpływem których zmieniał się charakter i zakres udziału szlachty w życiu publicznym. Najbardziej znaczącym rysem tego zjawiska był postępujący rozwój systemu klientalnego i wzrost znaczenia fakcji w życiu publicznym, a w ślad za tym przenoszenie procesu decyzyjnego z instytucji ustrojowych państwa na poziom rozwiązań pozaformalnych/pozasystemowych. Choć w sferze ideologii i deklarowanych przekonań zajmowały one nadal ważne miejsce, a ich formalne uprawnienia pozostały bez zmian, to w praktyce najważniejsze decyzje państwowe zapadały poza nimi. Właściwymi decydentami byli liderzy fakcji, i to od układu sił pomiędzy fakcjami zależały w dużej mierze rozstrzygnięcia głównych problemów politycznych kraju.... The article examines the expansion of political rights and the changing forms of nobility’s political participation in the context of constitutional transformation of the state since the late 14th c. to the end of the 17th c. First, there was a noted increase in political aspirations among nobility which resulted in a growing number of noblemen participating in local public/political life. This, in turn, resulted in a gradual broadening of political agenda. As a consequence, these stimulated the emergence and development of parliamentary institutions, and varying communication methods between the Crown and the localities. In addition, these processes triggered the emergence and development of a distinct civic/political culture among the nobility; one which was strongly rooted in republican ethos, respect of the law and the ideals of civic consensus. Political system which had been created in the course of the 15th century reached its mature, complex form in the late 16th century. In the 17th century the Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth had to face new, unknown challenges, which altered the nature of noble participation in public life. The development of the clientage system, and with it the rise of magnates and their influence, was the most significant manifestation of these complex changes. As a result, there was a drastic shift in the decision making process: state institutions were increasingly losing their power in favour of parallel informal structures. In effect, by the end of the 17th century, it was the faction leaders who had the decisive say over the Commonwealth’s interior and international politics. As such, the country’s future and stability depended on the frail balance of power between rival fractions....
Tyszkiewicz, Jan(Oficyna Wydawnicza Związku Karaimów Polskich, 2014)
Dokumenty z Archiwum Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, wspomnienia Ireny Krudowskiej i Stanisławy Płaskowickiej oraz materiały pozostawione przez Stanisława Kryczyńskiego pozwalają rzucić nieco światła na pierwsze lata seminarium prof. A. Zajączkowskiego.
Jako kierownik Katedry turkologicznej w Instytucie Orientalistycznym Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, A. Zajączkowski uruchomił swoje seminarium jesienią 1933 r. Jego pierwszymi słuchaczami byli: Jan Reychman, Józef Szulimowicz, Armand Stefański i Stanisław Szachno-Romanowicz. Reychman ukończył studia historyczne, Szachno-Romanowicz był asyriologiem i archiwistą, a Szulimowicz – Karaimem z Halicza. Profesor Zajączkowski współpracował ściśle z profesorem Tadeuszem Kowalskim z Krakowa i historykami z Warszawy. Prof. Wacław Tokarz skierował na seminarium turkologiczne dwóch swoich studentów (Reychmana i Stefańskiego). W roku akademickim 1934/1935 temat seminarium brzmiał: „Z dziejów kultury i literatury tureckiej XVI-XVIII w.”. Słuchaczami byli: Stanisława Płaskowicka, Halina Kröber i Bohdan Baranowski. W roku 1935/6, na seminarium uczęszczali: J. Szulimowicz, A. Stefański, H. Kröber, S. Płaskowicka, I. Krudowska, A. Murza Murzicz i S. Kryczyński. Prof. Zajaczkowski prowadził wówczas 4 wykłady poświęcone językom i kulturze ludów tureckich, językowi tureckiemu, składni języka arabskiego oraz Gulistanowi Sadiego, a także ćwiczenia seminaryjne z filologii tureckiej, na które uczęszczali jego studenci. Prof. Zajączkowski zabrał ich na wycieczkę do Stambułu (we wrześniu 1934), później S. Płaskowicka przebywała tam na stypendium (1935).
Prof. Zajączkowski był również wykładowcą w Wyższej Szkole Wschodoznawczej przy Instytucie Wschodnim w Warszawie, gdzie studiowało również kilku jego seminarzystów. Uczniowie profesora, J. Reychman i S. Płaskowicka, zostali później długoletnimi pracownikami Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego.... Documents from the Archives of the University of Warsaw, stories by Irena Krudowska, Stanisława Płaskowicka and materials left by Stanisław Kryczyński shed some light on the first years of A. Zajączkowski’s seminar.
As the head of the Turkology Department at the Institute of Oriental Studies at the University of Warsaw, A. Zajączkowski launched his seminar in the autumn of 1933. His first students were Jan Reychman, Józef Szulimowicz, Armand Stefański and Stanisław Szachno-Romanowicz. Reychman was a graduate of history studies, Szachno-Romanowicz was an assyriologist and archivist, and Szulimowicz was a Karaite from Halicz. Professor Zajączkowski worked closely with Professor Tadeusz Kowalski from Cracow and historians from Warsaw. Prof. Wacław Tokarz sent 2 of his students to the Turkology seminar (Reychman, Stefański). In 1934/5, the topic of the seminar was: “Topics on Turkish Culture and Literature in the 16–17th cc.” The students were Stanisława Płaskowicka, Halina Koeber and Bohdan Baranowski. In 1935/6, the seminar was attended by J. Szulimowicz, A. Stefański, H. Koeber, S. Płaskowicka, I. Krudowska, A. Murza Murzicz and S. Kryczyński. Back then, Prof. Zajączkowski presented 4 lectures on: the language and culture of the Turkish peoples, the Arabic language, the prose work “Gulistan” as well as classes in Turkish philology, which was attended by his students. Prof. Zajączkowski took his students on a trip to Istanbul (September 1934), and later S. Płaskowicka went there on a scholarship (1935).
Prof. Zajączkowski was also a lecturer at the School of Eastern Studies at the Eastern Institute in Warsaw. Some of his students studied there. His students J. Reychman and S. Płaskowicka became long-serving academics at the University of Warsaw....